In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of Dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, Dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of Dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

To study the competitive effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) on potato, an additive experiment was conducted in the spring of 2004 and 2005 in split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the Seed Potato Production Station of RAN in Firouzkooh. Treatments included 2 weed species in main plots (Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album), weed density in sub plots (2, 4 and 8 plants per meter of row) and relative time of weed emergence in sub-sub plots (8 and 4 days prior to potato and the same time with potato emergence in 2004 and the same time with potato, 2 and 4 weeks after potato in 2005).Results showed that both weed species reduced biological yield. TDM reduction in 2005 were 27.5 and 25.1 percent less than 2004. Redroot pigweed caused 33.8 and 38.1% more potato Dry matter reduction than lambsquarter.

This study was conducted to examine a new method for determining feedstuff Dry matter degradation kinetics. For this purpose, an assembly of a one-liter volumetric flask, pH meter, gas output valve, buffer solution buffer and shaker in a water bath was employed. For each trial, 800ml of unfiltered rumen fluid was collected. Comparisons were made between the new method, in situ and in vitro data. In nylon bag technique, feed samples consisting of alfalfa, wheat straw and a mixture of both in different ratios were incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 72h in the rumen of four cannulated varamini rams as well as in the artificial rumen. Dry matter degradability parameters were estimated through Naway program. The new method's results were compared with in situ and in vitro results. in situ-in vitro results were different from in situ and there were significant differences between in vitro results (P<0.05). But in situ-in vitro feedstuff degradation means were close to in situ, rather than in vitro results (r2=0.94vs. r2=0.91).The newly proposed procedure can be recommended for estimating feedstuff Dry matter degradation kinetics.

In order to investigate application of nitrogen rates at different growth stages effects on Dry matter remobilization and effective traits at Dry matter accumulative of grain in spring barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2012 cropping. Experimental factors were: nitrogen rates in four levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 Kg N.ha-1) as urea and nitrogen application at different growth stages in four levels (T0 at planting stage+at stem elongation), (T1: at planting+stem elongation+at ear emergence stage), (T2: at planting+stem elongation+in ear emergence stage), (T3: at planting+stem elongation+ear emergence stage).Results showed that Dry matter remobilization rate from stem, contribution of Dry matter remobilization from shoot organs at grain yield, components of grain growth, nitrogen use efficiency, yield and yield components were significantly affected by experimental factors. Maximum of Dry matter remobilization from stem and shoot organs was obtained in control treatment and the least of it were obtained in higher nitrogen rates as T1. The highest rate and grain filling period, yield and yield components was obtained in higher nitrogen rates as T1. Maximum of nitrogen use efficiency (31.45 kg/kg) was obtained in application of 60 kg N.ha 1 as T1 and the least of it (23.72 kg/kg) was obtained in higher nitrogen rates as T0. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of 180 kg N ha-1 as T1 can be recommended for profitable barley production in the study area.

The aim of this research is to study the pattern of Dry matter partitioning to different above-ground plant parts during anthesis, two weeks after anthesis, and physiologic maturity among wheat cultivars and to investigate its possible relationship with grain yield. Eighteen well-watered wheat cultivars have been grown at research farm of Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014-2015 growing season. At anthesis, total Dry matter accumulated in the plant, range from 1. 95 (Sumay3) to 3. 33 g (Alvand). At this time, depending on the cultivar, Dry matter partitioned to the stem which differ from 31% to 41%, vary from 37% to 50% in the leaves, and from 16% to 27% in the spike. From anthesis to two weeks post-anthesis, Dry weight of stem and spike increase, while those of leaves, generally, remain constant. The highest (1. 52 g) and the lowest (0. 52 g) increases in the weight of stem and spike have been observed in the case of Shirodi and Sardari, respectively. During two post-anthesis weeks to physiologic maturity, the spike has been dominant,however, the cultivar differences in the amount of allocated photoassimilates to the spike as well as stem reserves remobilization change the pattern of Dry matter partitioning among wheat population again. At anthesis, there has been no clear association between cultivar height and spike weight. At physiologic maturity, however, dwarf cultivar generally has had higher weight and proportion of the spike. These results show that the pattern of Dry matter partitioning is varied depending on the plant developmental stages and cultivars. Therefore, partitioning pattern of a cultivar observed at one growth stage is not necessarily similar in other growth stages. At physiologic maturity, Crossed Alborz and Pishtaz are superior with respect to Dry matter partitioning and yield performance. Analysis of correlation reveals that leaves Dry weight at anthesis, stem Dry weight at two weeks after anthesis, and partitioned photoassimiltes to the grain are correlated positively with square grain yield. Therefore, these traits deserve further attentions in wheat programs dealing with increased grain yield.

Lipids in liver wet and Dry matter, liver moist and Dry matter and their relationships were investigated based on species, sex and age in cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Mean percentage of lipids in liver wet and Dry matter and liver Dry matter in cows were 3.60%, 1.10%, 29.70%, and for buffaloes were 5.30%, 1.55%, 29.20%, sheep 3.00%, 0.83%, 27.90%, and goats 2.910%, 1.55% and 28.40%, respectively. The highest and lowest percentage of lipids in liver wet and Dry matter was observed in buffaloes and sheep, and for the liver Dry matter was recorded in cows and sheep, respectively. Analyses showed significant differences in liver parameters among ruminants (p<0.01). Gender, except for goats, did not affect the animals' liver parameters. In overall 15.00% of buffaloes and 3.50% of cows showed over 10.00% lipids in liver, while none of small ruminants appeared to have over 6.00% lipids in liver. There was no correlation between liver lipid and liver Dry matter. In conclusion mean percentage of lipid in liver Dry matter in small ruminants was less than large ruminants. Liver Dry matter was high in cows and low in sheep. Mean differences in liver parameters was significant, while the age and sex of the animals were not. Liver lipidosis in buffaloes seems greater than in cows, and in small ruminants it was negligible. No correlation was expected between liver parameters. Finally, on the basis of liver Dry matter, the liver in ruminants ranked from cows to buffaloes, goats and sheep.

The present study was carried out during 2007, 2008 and 2009 on 6 olive cultivars to investigate the process of oil and Dry matter accumulation in response to warm and Dry conditions in Dallaho Olive Research Station of SarpoleZehab, Kermanshah province, Iran. Results showed that oil begins to accumulate in the fruit from July, increases gradually through August and reaches its maximum as the fruit becomes completely black in November. Patterns of oil accumulation over the period of the study varied between cultivars. Dry matter acquisition was continuous and increased with a slow slope in all cultivars during fruit growth. Oil content correlated with the percentage of fruit Dry matter, so that Roghani with the highest Dry matter had the highest oil content in fresh fruit and Dry matter. There was a linear relationship between Dry matter and oil content in all cultivars. This relationship varied for different cultivars and was not strong however it can be an indicator of oil content. According to the results, olive cultivars showed different responses to warm conditions and oil accumulation was related to temperature. In conclusion, oil accumulation is a trait that can be influenced by environmental conditions and it depends on olive cultivars.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microwaving, autoclaving (moist heating), and roasting (Dry heating) on gas production parameters and in situ rumen degradability of soybean meal (SBM). SBM was treated by roasting at 140℃ for 30 and 60 min, and at 160℃ for 30 and 60 min, autoclaving at 121℃ for 20 min, and microwaving for 2, 4, and 6 min. A gas production trial was performed using rumen fluid collected from fistulated sheep. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after incubation. The organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in gas production trial were calculated after 24 h incubation. For in situ technique, three fistulated sheep of the Dalaq breed (with an average weight of 45 ± 1 kg) were housed in individual cages and fed at the level of maintenance. Samples of the processed and unprocessed SBM were ground to pass through a 3 mm screen, and 5 g of each sample were transferred into nylon bags. The results showed that treatments had a significant effect on gas production potential (P<0. 05). With increasing the heating duration, gas production potential increased in roasted treatments. Processing methods significantly reduced gas production (P<0. 05). The lowest volume of gas production was recorded for the autoclave treatment. Processing with Micro-6 and moist heating (autoclave) resulted in a significant decrease in organic matter digestibility (OMD) compared to Dry heating (roasting). Micro-6 treatment significantly (P<0. 05) decreased the concentration of SCFA compared to other treatments. The results of in situ experiments showed that processing of SBM significantly reduced the rate of Dry matter and protein degradation (P<0. 05). Processed SBM had a lower rapid degradable fraction (a) and higher slowly degradable fraction (b) compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, the methods of heating (autoclaving, Dry heating, and microwaving) of SBM decreased the gas production and gas production rate and ruminal protein degradability.